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Lumpsucker or lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, eating salmon louses, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, from a young Atlantic
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Lumpsucker or lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, eating salmon louses, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, from a young Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar, on salmon farm. Lumpfish is a species of cleaner fish, so called due to its natural behaviour removing and eating skin parasites from other species of fish.Sea lice are naturally occurring ectoparasitic copepods that attach themselves to marine fish and feed on mucus, skin and blood of their host. The salmon louse - Lepeophtheirus salmonis is of particular concern as it causes major health issues for farmed salmon including fin damage, skin erosion, wounds and a reduction in overall health and performance. If sea lice numbers are sufficient death can also occur. The treatment of them is currently dependent on a range of anti-parasitic chemical treatments, both bath and in-feed. The continued reliance and discharge of these chemicals combined with concerns about increasing resistance to their efficacy has led the salmon farming industry to introduce biological sea lice control with the use of cleaner fish that eat the sea lice from the salmons skin. Ballan wrasse and lumpfish are the predominant species used as cleaner fish, with a current heavy demand placed on wild capture fisheries to fulfil this demand despite the advent of farming for both species. Cleaner-fish, such as wrasse or lumpfish, live in the same cages as salmon where they attack and eat parasitic sea lice. generally have to be put into the cages in a ratio of 2 to 3 wrasses for 100 salmon. These cleaner fishes are used regularly to control sea lice on salmon farms in Scotland, Ireland and Norway.
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Lumpsucker or lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, eating salmon louses, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, from Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar, on salmon farm. Lumpfish is a
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Lumpsucker or lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, eating salmon louses, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, from Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar, on salmon farm. Lumpfish is a species of cleaner fish, so called due to its natural behaviour removing and eating skin parasites from other species of fish.Sea lice are naturally occurring ectoparasitic copepods that attach themselves to marine fish and feed on mucus, skin and blood of their host. The salmon louse - Lepeophtheirus salmonis is of particular concern as it causes major health issues for farmed salmon including fin damage, skin erosion, wounds and a reduction in overall health and performance. If sea lice numbers are sufficient death can also occur. The treatment of them is currently dependent on a range of anti-parasitic chemical treatments, both bath and in-feed. The continued reliance and discharge of these chemicals combined with concerns about increasing resistance to their efficacy has led the salmon farming industry to introduce biological sea lice control with the use of cleaner fish that eat the sea lice from the salmons skin. Ballan wrasse and lumpfish are the predominant species used as cleaner fish, with a current heavy demand placed on wild capture fisheries to fulfil this demand despite the advent of farming for both species. Cleaner-fish, such as wrasse or lumpfish, live in the same cages as salmon where they attack and eat parasitic sea lice. generally have to be put into the cages in a ratio of 2 to 3 wrasses for 100 salmon. These cleaner fishes are used regularly to control sea lice on salmon farms in Scotland, Ireland and Norway.
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Lumpsucker or lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, eating salmon louses, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, from Atlantic
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Lumpsucker or lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, eating salmon louses, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, from Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar, on salmon farm. Lumpfish is a species of cleaner fish, so called due to its natural behaviour removing and eating skin parasites from other species of fish.Sea lice are naturally occurring ectoparasitic copepods that attach themselves to marine fish and feed on mucus, skin and blood of their host. The salmon louse - Lepeophtheirus salmonis is of particular concern as it causes major health issues for farmed salmon including fin damage, skin erosion, wounds and a reduction in overall health and performance. If sea lice numbers are sufficient death can also occur. The treatment of them is currently dependent on a range of anti-parasitic chemical treatments, both bath and in-feed. The continued reliance and discharge of these chemicals combined with concerns about increasing resistance to their efficacy has led the salmon farming industry to introduce biological sea lice control with the use of cleaner fish that eat the sea lice from the salmons skin. Ballan wrasse and lumpfish are the predominant species used as cleaner fish, with a current heavy demand placed on wild capture fisheries to fulfil this demand despite the advent of farming for both species. Cleaner-fish, such as wrasse or lumpfish, live in the same cages as salmon where they attack and eat parasitic sea lice. generally have to be put into the cages in a ratio of 2 to 3 wrasses for 100 salmon. These cleaner fishes are used regularly to control sea lice on salmon farms in Scotland, Ireland and Norway.
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Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, in front of diving mask. This squid lives in a symbiotic relationship with the
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, in front of diving mask. This squid lives in a symbiotic relationship with the bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri, which inhabits a special light organ in the squid's mantle. The bacteria are fed a sugar and amino acid solution by the squid and in return hide the squid's silhouette when viewed from below by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle, (counter-illumination). From Midway Island
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Rough pomfret, Taractes asper. Composite image. Portugal
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Rough pomfret, Taractes asper. Composite image. Portugal
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Serra da Estrela dog (Estrela Mountain dog) working at the
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Serra da Estrela dog (Estrela Mountain dog) working at the Alfeite Marines Squadron. Is a large breed of dog, which has been used for centuries in the Estrela Mountains of Portugal to guard herds and homesteads. The Estrela Mountain Dog is a formidable opponent for any predator. It is calm but fearless and will not hesitate to react to danger, making it an exceptional watchdog as well as an excellent guard dog. Is one of the oldest breeds in Portugal. Shepherds would have chosen to breed the dogs that had the characteristics necessary to survive in their mountain environment and to do their job: protect herds from wolf attacks. Portugal
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Serra da Estrela dog (Estrela Mountain dog). Watching a flock of sheep. Is a large breed of dog, which has been used for centuries in the Estrela
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Serra da Estrela dog (Estrela Mountain dog). Watching a flock of sheep. Is a large breed of dog, which has been used for centuries in the Estrela Mountains of Portugal to guard herds and homesteads. The Estrela Mountain Dog is a formidable opponent for any predator. It is calm but fearless and will not hesitate to react to danger, making it an exceptional watchdog as well as an excellent guard dog. Is one of the oldest breeds in Portugal. Shepherds would have chosen to breed the dogs that had the characteristics necessary to survive in their mountain environment and to do their job: protect herds from wolf attacks. Serra da Estrela. Portugal
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Serra da Estrela dog (Estrela Mountain dog), working on the field, with iron collar with thorns to defend him from eventual attacks by wolves. Is a large
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Serra da Estrela dog (Estrela Mountain dog), working on the field, with iron collar with thorns to defend him from eventual attacks by wolves. Is a large breed of dog, which has been used for centuries in the Estrela Mountains of Portugal to guard herds and homesteads. The Estrela Mountain Dog is a formidable opponent for any predator. It is calm but fearless and will not hesitate to react to danger, making it an exceptional watchdog as well as an excellent guard dog. Is one of the oldest breeds in Portugal. Shepherds would have chosen to breed the dogs that had the characteristics necessary to survive in their mountain environment and to do their job: protect herds from wolf attacks. Serra da Estrela Dog. Portugal
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Serra da Estrela dog (Estrela Mountain dog), along with
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Serra da Estrela dog (Estrela Mountain dog), along with herdsman. Is a large breed of dog, which has been used for centuries in the Estrela Mountains of Portugal to guard herds and homesteads. The Estrela Mountain Dog is a formidable opponent for any predator. It is calm but fearless and will not hesitate to react to danger, making it an exceptional watchdog as well as an excellent guard dog. Is one of the oldest breeds in Portugal. Shepherds would have chosen to breed the dogs that had the characteristics necessary to survive in their mountain environment and to do their job: protect herds from wolf attacks. Serra da Estrela Dog. Portugal
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Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), resin extraction with plastic
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), resin extraction with plastic bags. Resin is usually collected by causing minor damage to the tree by making a hole far enough into the trunk to puncture the vacuoles, to let sap exit the tree, known as tapping, and then letting the tree repair its damage by filling the wound with resin. This usually takes a few days. Then, excess resin is collected.Turpentine is the volatile oil distilled from pine resin, which itself is obtained by tapping trees of the genus Pinus. The solid material left behind after distillation is known as rosin. Both products are used in a wide variety of applications. Traditionally, turpentine has been employed as a solvent or cleaning agent for paints and varnishes and this is still often the case today, particularly in those countries where the pine trees are tapped. There are also some specialized uses, in the pharmaceutical industry, for example. Portugal accounts for the greater part of world trade in gum turpentine but volumes have decreased in recent years as a result of falling resin production.The pine resin is antimicrobial and works to protect the plant from disease. Those same components can help to fight bacteria and fungus on our bodies, as well. Portugal
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Estrela Mountain dog, working on the field, with iron collar with thorns to defend him from eventual attacks by wolves. Is a large breed of dog which
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Estrela Mountain dog, working on the field, with iron collar with thorns to defend him from eventual attacks by wolves. Is a large breed of dog which has been used for centuries in the Estrela Mountains of Portugal to guard herds and homesteads. The Estrela Mountain Dog is a formidable opponent for any predator. It is calm but fearless and will not hesitate to react to danger, making it an exceptional watchdog as well as an excellent guard dog. Is one of the oldest breeds in Portugal. Shepherds would have chosen to breed the dogs that had the characteristics necessary to survive in their mountain environment and to do their job: protect herds from wolf attacks. Serra da Estrela, Portugal
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Aerial view of Basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus, and kayak. is the second-largest living shark,
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Aerial view of Basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus, and kayak. is the second-largest living shark, after the whale shark, and one of three plankton-eating shark species, along with the whale shark. Adults typically reach 6–8 m (20–26 ft) in length. The gill rakers, dark and bristle-like, are used to catch plankton as water filters through the mouth and over the gills. Despite their large size and threatening appearance, basking sharks are not aggressive and are harmless to humans. The basking shark has long been a commercially important fish, as a source of food, shark fin, animal feed, and shark liver oil. Overexploitation has reduced its populations to the point where some have disappeared and others need protection England
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Four-eyed fish, Anableps anableps, eye detail. Four-eyed fish have only two eyes, but the eyes are specially adapted for their surface-dwelling
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Four-eyed fish, Anableps anableps, eye detail. Four-eyed fish have only two eyes, but the eyes are specially adapted for their surface-dwelling lifestyle. The eyes are positioned on the top of the head, and the fish floats at the water surface with only the lower half of each eye underwater. The two halves are divided by a band of tissue and the eye has two pupils, connected by part of the iris. The upper half of the eye is adapted for vision in air, the lower half for vision in water. The lens of the eye also changes in thickness top to bottom to account for the difference in the refractive indices of air versus water. Four-eyed fish spend most of their time at the surface of the water. Their diet mostly consists of terrestrial insects which are readily available at the surface. Aquarium, Portugal
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Rosy wolfsnail, Euglandina rosea. It's a predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk. Is a fast and
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Rosy wolfsnail, Euglandina rosea. It's a predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk. Is a fast and voracious predator, hunting and eating other snails and slugs. Was introduced into Hawaii in 1955 as a biological control for the invasive African land snail, Achatina fulica. This snail is responsible for the extinction of an estimated eight native snail species in Hawaii. This has caused the snail to be added to the IUCN’s top 100 most invasive species. USA
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Rosy wolfsnail, Euglandina rosea eating a small snail. It's a predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Rosy wolfsnail, Euglandina rosea eating a small snail. It's a predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk. Is a fast and voracious predator, hunting and eating other snails and slugs. Was introduced into Hawaii in 1955 as a biological control for the invasive African land snail, Achatina fulica. This snail is responsible for the extinction of an estimated eight native snail species in Hawaii. This has caused the snail to be added to the IUCN’s top 100 most invasive species. USA
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Eyelight fish or one-fin flashlightfish, Photoblepharon palpebratus. They have subocular bioluminescent organs which it likely uses to attract
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Eyelight fish or one-fin flashlightfish, Photoblepharon palpebratus. They have subocular bioluminescent organs which it likely uses to attract and find prey, confuse predators, and communicate with other fish. These organs are blinked on and off by the fish using a dark lid that slides up to cover them. Use of only a black lid is unique to Photoblepharon; the other members of its family either rotate the organ into a pouch or employ a pouch-and-shutter method. Indonesia. Composite image
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Eyelight fish or one-fin flashlightfish, Photoblepharon palpebratus. They have subocular bioluminescent organs which it likely uses to attract and
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Eyelight fish or one-fin flashlightfish, Photoblepharon palpebratus. They have subocular bioluminescent organs which it likely uses to attract and find prey, confuse predators, and communicate with other fish. These organs are blinked on and off by the fish using a dark lid that slides up to cover them. Use of only a black lid is unique to Photoblepharon; the other members of its family either rotate the organ into a pouch or employ a pouch-and-shutter method. Indonesia - Composite image
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Splitfin flashlightfish or two-fin flashlightfish, Anomalops katoptron. They have two bean shaped torch-like organs under its eyes containing
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Splitfin flashlightfish or two-fin flashlightfish, Anomalops katoptron. They have two bean shaped torch-like organs under its eyes containing bioluminescent bacteria, which the fish can turn on and off by blinking. The light organs are embedded in suborbital cavities and are connected at the anterior edge via a cartilaginous rod like attachment. The suborbital light organs are densely settled with luminous symbiotic bacteria that grow in tubular structures and produce a constant bluish light. The flashlight fish blinks up to 90 blinks per minute, but when the flashlight fish detects its living planktonic prey, their light organs open for a longer period of time and blink five times less frequently. Philippines - Composite image
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White crowberry, Corema album. Hand showing white berries, on the sand dunes of Southwest Portugal. It's a white-berried perennial adapted to sandy
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
White crowberry, Corema album. Hand showing white berries, on the sand dunes of Southwest Portugal. It's a white-berried perennial adapted to sandy soils in the Iberian Peninsula which has been consumed by humans for many centuries. It occurs naturally on sand dunes and cliffs of the Atlantic coast from Gibraltar to Finisterre, and in the Azores on volcanic lava and ash fields. C. album subsp. azoricum exists on six of the nine islands of the Azores, and below 200 m. Recently the range has extended to the dunes of Spanish Province of Alicante, and into France. The fruit has been consumer fresh for many centuries and they are sold fresh in a few public markets in Galicia. The fruit has been used in traditional medicine to reduce fevers and to kill intestinal worms Berries contain many anti-oxidants which have been reported as low amounts of anthocyanins, and high amounts of flavinol, and chloragenic acid derivatives, and phenolic acid. In a yeast Parkinson’s Disease model, C. album anti-oxidants may have protective effects, other than radical scavenging, and had a more powerful protective effect than Ginko biloba. South Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Acan Brain Coral, Acanthastrea sp.. Above photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Acan Brain Coral, Acanthastrea sp.. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Southern giant clam, Tridacna derasa. Above photographed with daylight
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Southern giant clam, Tridacna derasa. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many animals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Mushroom coral, Rhodactis sp.. Above photographed with
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Mushroom coral, Rhodactis sp.. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many anemones and corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Candy Cane Coral, Caulastrea furcata. Above
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Candy Cane Coral, Caulastrea furcata. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent Zoanthus sp.. Left photographed with daylight and right showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent Zoanthus sp.. Left photographed with daylight and right showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals and anemones are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent soft coral. Button Polyp, Protopalythoa sp.. Above
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent soft coral. Button Polyp, Protopalythoa sp.. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many anemones and corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Brain coral, Trachyphyllia sp.. Above photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Brain coral, Trachyphyllia sp.. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Pulse coral, Xenia sp.. Above photographed with
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Pulse coral, Xenia sp.. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent anemone. Mushroom Anemone, Actinodiscus sp.. Above
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent anemone. Mushroom Anemone, Actinodiscus sp.. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many anemones and corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Large-polyped Stony coral, Euphyllia paraglabrescens.
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Large-polyped Stony coral, Euphyllia paraglabrescens. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Bubble coral, Plerogyra sinuosa. Above photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Bubble coral, Plerogyra sinuosa. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Brain coral, Trachyphyllia sp.. Above photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Brain coral, Trachyphyllia sp.. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Candy Cane Coral, Caulastrea furcata. Above
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Candy Cane Coral, Caulastrea furcata. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Southern giant clam, Tridacna derasa. Left photographed with daylight and right showing fluorescent colours photographed under
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Southern giant clam, Tridacna derasa. Left photographed with daylight and right showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many animals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Stony Coral, Euphyllia paradivisa. Above photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Stony Coral, Euphyllia paradivisa. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone, Anemonia sulcata. Above
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone, Anemonia sulcata. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many anemones and corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Fluorescent coral. Bushy Gorgonian, Rumphella sp.. Above photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent coral. Bushy Gorgonian, Rumphella sp.. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Many corals are intensely fluorescent under certain light wavelengths. Shallow water reef-building fluorescent corals seem to be more resistant to coral bleaching than other corals, and the higher the density of fluorescent pigments, the more likely to resist. This enables them to better protect the zooxanthellae that help sustain them. The pigments that fluoresce are photoproteins, and a current theory is that this acts as a type of sunscreen that prevents too much UV light damaging the zooxanthallae. These corals have the photoproteins above the zooxanthallae to protect them. Corals that grow in deeper water, where light is scarce, are using fluorescence to absorb UV light and reflect it back to the zooxanthallae to give them more light to turn into nutrients. These corals have the photoproteins below the zooxanthallae to reflect it back. Photographed in aquarium. Portugal
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Bell Heather, Erica cinerea, flowers. Above photographed with daylight
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Bell Heather, Erica cinerea, flowers. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours when photographed under ultraviolet light with a Baader-U Filter. This filter enables imaging in the deep UV spectral region. Some flowers have patterns that are only visible under ultraviolet light. Those surprising patterns can only be seen by the insects. While pollinating insects can see these patterns perfectly to find the nectar and pollen, the human eye cannot without some help of special photography. Portugal
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Common golden thistle, Scolymus hispanicus, flower. Above photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Common golden thistle, Scolymus hispanicus, flower. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours when photographed under ultraviolet light with a Baader-U Filter. This filter enables imaging in the deep UV spectral region. Some flowers have patterns that are only visible under ultraviolet light. Those surprising patterns can only be seen by the insects. While pollinating insects can see these patterns perfectly to find the nectar and pollen, the human eye cannot without some help of special photography. Portugal
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Yellow flowers. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Yellow flowers. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours when photographed under ultraviolet light with a Baader-U Filter. This filter enables imaging in the deep UV spectral region. Some flowers have patterns that are only visible under ultraviolet light. Those surprising patterns can only be seen by the insects. While pollinating insects can see these patterns perfectly to find the nectar and pollen, the human eye cannot without some help of special photography. Portugal
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Dandelion flower. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Dandelion flower. Above photographed with daylight and bellow showing fluorescent colours when photographed under ultraviolet light with a Baader-U Filter. This filter enables imaging in the deep UV spectral region. Some flowers have patterns that are only visible under ultraviolet light. Those surprising patterns can only be seen by the insects. While pollinating insects can see these patterns perfectly to find the nectar and pollen, the human eye cannot without some help of special photography. Portugal
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Fluorescent fungus. Steccherinum sp., Hydnoid fungus on death wood,
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent fungus. Steccherinum sp., Hydnoid fungus on death wood, photographed with visible light (above) and under ultraviolet light (bellow). Portugal
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Fluorescent scorpion. Buthus occitanus, European scorpion, photographed with
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Fluorescent scorpion. Buthus occitanus, European scorpion, photographed with visible light (above) and under ultraviolete light (bellow). Portugal
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Platypus or Duck-billed platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, hidden in the middle of the floating vegetation. It's a semiaquatic
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Platypus or Duck-billed platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, hidden in the middle of the floating vegetation. It's a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Together with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five extant species of monotremes, the only mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. The male's spurs deliver venom for defense. They have a sense of electroreception locating their prey in part by detecting electric fields generated by muscular contractions. Queensland, Australia
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Platypus or Duck-billed platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, eating a Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Platypus or Duck-billed platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, eating a Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. They also eat worms, insect larvae, freshwater shrimps that it digs out of the riverbed with its snout or catches while swimming. It uses cheek-pouches to carry prey to the surface, where it is eaten. The platypus needs to eat about 20% of its own weight each day, which requires it to spend an average of 12 hours daily looking for food. They have a sense of electroreception locating their prey in part by detecting electric fields generated by muscular contractions. Queensland, Australia - Composite image
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European lancelet, Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Showing fluorescent colours when photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. The fluorescent protein is in the same class as those found in corals and jellyfish. The
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
European lancelet, Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Showing fluorescent colours when photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. The fluorescent protein is in the same class as those found in corals and jellyfish. The mitochondrial genome of Branchiostoma lanceolatum has been sequenced, and the species serves as a model organism for studying the development of vertebrates. Aquarium photography. Portugal
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Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Showing fluorescent colours when photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Showing fluorescent colours when photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Its muscle fibres produce the first fluorescent protein identified in a vertebrate. It's totally different” from other fluorescent proteins. For example, instead of producing light with a chromophore that is part of the protein sequence, as the classical Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) does, UnaG fluoresces when it binds a naturally occurring small molecule called bilirubin, a breakdown product of haemoglobin used in hospital tests for decades to assess liver function and diagnose diseases such as jaundice. Aquarium photography
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Chain catshark or chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer. Showing fluorescent colours when photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Chain catshark or chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer. Showing fluorescent colours when photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Scyliorhinus retifer. Is one of four elasmobranch species shown to possess biofluorescent properties. They exhibit bright green fluorescence patterns resulting from the presence of fluorescent compounds in their skin. Catsharks possess the ability to detect the green biofluorescence that is emitted by their conspecifics and this fluorescence creates greater contrast with the surrounding habitat in deeper blue-shifted waters (under solar or lunar illumination). Aquarium photography
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Chain catshark or chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer. Is one of four elasmobranch species shown to possess biofluorescent properties. Lives in
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Chain catshark or chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer. Is one of four elasmobranch species shown to possess biofluorescent properties. Lives in Northwest Atlantic and Caribbean Sea from 30 to 800 metres deep. They spend the day resting on the bottom where their characteristic coloration gives them a good camouflage against bottom rubble. During the night and when fed they are very active. Its small size makes it a popular cold-water public aquariums where is displayed and bred. Aquarium photography
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Chain catshark or chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer. Above photographed
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Chain catshark or chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer. Above photographed with daylight bellown showing fluorescent colours when photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Scyliorhinus retifer. Is one of four elasmobranch species shown to possess biofluorescent properties. They exhibit bright green fluorescence patterns resulting from the presence of fluorescent compounds in their skin. Catsharks possess the ability to detect the green biofluorescence that is emitted by their conspecifics and this fluorescence creates greater contrast with the surrounding habitat in deeper blue-shifted waters (under solar or lunar illumination). Aquarium photography
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Chain catshark or chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer, resting in sand bottom. Above
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
© Paulo de Oliveira / Biosphoto
Chain catshark or chain dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer, resting in sand bottom. Above photographed with daylight bellow showing fluorescent colours when photographed under special blue or ultraviolet light and filter. Scyliorhinus retifer. Is one of four elasmobranch species shown to possess biofluorescent properties. They exhibit bright green fluorescence patterns resulting from the presence of fluorescent compounds in their skin. Catsharks possess the ability to detect the green biofluorescence that is emitted by their conspecifics and this fluorescence creates greater contrast with the surrounding habitat in deeper blue-shifted waters (under solar or lunar illumination). Aquarium photography
